Police Abuse Essay

Police brutality is the excessive, unreasonable use of force against citizens, suspects, and offenders. A study showed that most citizens complained against police officers because of the use of profanity and abusive language towards them, the use of commands to move on or get home, stopping and questioning people on the street or searching them and their cars without probable cause, the use of threats to use force if not obeyed, prodding with a nightstick or approaching with a pistol, and actual use of physical force or violence itself for no reason at all. Police brutality causes a lack of communication between minority groups and the police department and a lack of trust because of previous run-ins with brutality. In some cases police brutality runs over into an officer’s personal life as well. There have been several cases where an officer is arrested due to domestic violence and leads to an investigation of their work life. Most of the time there are cover ups, when domestic disputes occur so that the department does not get negative coverage if the incident was to get out, (2002, November). Ethics are considered a structure for most departments in the United States. There are several bad apples that get greedy and are cocky at times and think that they cannot be touched if they do wrong. Police departments around the U.S. have several issues with corruption, misconduct, and brutality. Most of  the time these issues are covered up so that, these officers do not give the departments bad names and people do not trust them and they, are having more crime on their hands instead of defeating the crime. In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and recovery of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens’ rights are taken advantage of by the police. Some measures necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. All citizens must take affirmative actions from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Members of the police force are government officials who enforce the law and maintain order. They are engaged in dangerous and stressful occupation that can involve violent situations that must be controlled. In many of these confrontations with the public it may become necessary for the police to administer force in order to take control of the situation. As unfortunate as it may seem however, police officers are injuring and even killing people through the use of excessive force and brutal treatment. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, to such an extent that worrying about excessive policy for abuse behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving; not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, accurately identified as civil rights. One of the main police abuse problems is physical brutality. I think that there should be some kind of written policy that would restrict physical force to the narrowest possible range of specific situations. For example, there should be limitations on the use of hand to hand combat, batons, mace, stun  guns and firearms. However, limiting policies actions will bring much debate, especially from police officers and administrators themselves. Many feel that their firepower is already too weak to battle the weapons that criminals have out on the streets, thus limiting their legality of gun use will not only endanger them, but the innocent bystanders who must endure the hierarchy gun power creates in the benefit of criminals. In simple terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: Misuse of authority, Misuse of official capacity, Misuse of personal attainment, (Kornblum 1976: p 71). It has been said that power inevitably leads to corruption, and it is yet to be recognized that , while there is no reason to suppose that policemen as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged when policemen are exposed to violating the law. Not only should officers use brutality in very limited situations, I think that it would help requiring officers to file a written report after any use of physical force, regardless of how seemingly insignificant. Although, if every incidence of police abuse was requested to be reported, how many actually would be? Maybe only those serious enough, as depicted in new guidelines, would make it, leaving some space for officers to exert pressure without crossing serious and abusive policy. Another good tactic to control police brutality is to establish a system to identify officers who have been involved in an inordinate number of incidents that include the inappropriate use of physical fo rce. The incidents should then be investigated. For those offices who are frequently involved in unnecessary police brutality, they should be charged, disciplined, re-trained, and offered counseling. If such treatment proves ineffective, officers who violate abuse standards should be brought up on review before an administrative board made up of citizens and police officials. Officers will most likely ask, â€Å"Is identifying abusive officers a  form of prejudice? The police officer is there to serve and protect the public who pays his or her salary. The officer should then be subject to any investigations into his or her abusive actions on the job. Yet even if internal policy and external government supervision is successful, it is difficult to say how the ethics of police officers will affect abuse policy as they are based on personal background and upbringing that have little to do with the issue at hand. While there are specific solutions to brutality and rights abuse, there are also some general solutions that could be implemented before the problems even arise. For example, there should be changes in police officer training. Some communities have demanded their officers receive higher education. However, there is no proof that well-educated officers rely less on abuse and more on departmentally sound investigation techniques. The length of training of police personnel should be increased, as has been the recent trend throughout the years. â€Å"The average length of police academy programs has more than doubled, from about 300, to over 600 hours; in some cities, 900 up to even 1200 hours has become the new rule.† (Silverman 1999: p 124) As the time devoted to training has increased, the institutions should also stress the importance of the growing trends in criminal activity so that they are prepared to deal with them. These include such areas as race relations, domestic violence, handling the mentally ill, and so on. This will, in turn, enable operations run more smoothly, hopefully avoiding police abuse problems in the future. Methods must be implemented which effectively deal with police who tend to cross the line, from simple situations to serious firearm use or prejudice. Some of the solutions, particularly the policy changes, will be met with controversy and will be difficult to implement. Keeping track of police actions is the next step in self-protection. There have been thousands of reported incidents of police misconduct in the countless cities throughout the nation, and probably thousands more that transpire without any mention. Law enforcement officers in the United States have been granted powerful authority to assist them in serving and protecting the people of this country. Many of them use their authority to uphold their duties with honor and  integrity. However, the abuses of these powers are taking place with more and more frequency. The police scandals that have surfaced within the past decade have been multiplying. If drastic measures are not taken to restore the integrity of the United States Law Enforcement, chaos will permeate throughout the nation. As citizens begin to lose their trust for law enforcement, they will gradually lose their trust in the â€Å"system†. While the threat of a world war has diminished, the violence on the streets across America has increased at a dramatic rate. Police are forced to face this violence and are sometimes caught up in the same violent and abusive cycle whole trying to fight it. Citizens realize that there are limits as to what a police officer can do. To make society a safe place for both citizens and officers, it is imperative that they work together for a comprehensive checks and balances system. The United States Constitution guarantees certain rights for everyone, and is the very backbone of this country. If these rights are to be ignored, either through permissive laws enacted by law enforcement against private citizens, or through a lack of maintenance of existing protective legislation, private citizens; which means the entire country, will become paralyzed. Because of this, the opportunity and freedom which this country is built on must be enforced, and those charged with doing so must not abuse their power. References (2002, December) Police Corruption, http://www.iejs.com/policing word-slash-word police_corruption.htm (2002, November) Addressing police misconduct, http://www.usdoj.gov (2002, November) Police brutality: the cop crimes homepage for law enforcement and government corruption, http://www.copcrimes.comword-slashwordhomepage.htm Alpert, Geoffrey P., Dunham Roger G. Police Use of Deadly Force. Washington D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, 1995. Chevigny, Paul. Police Power. Toronto: Random House, 1994. Cohen, Henry. Brutal Justice. New York: John Jay Press, 1980. Kornblum, Alan N. The Moral Hazards. New York: D.C. Heath, 1976. Silverman, Eli B. NYPD Battles Crime. Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press, 1999.

Reflection Paper: Organic Foods Essay

Both organic and inorganic foods pose health risks for consumers. While organic foods are often marketed as being naturally grown and inorganic foods being grown with the use of chemicals and pesticides, both types can pose health risks to the humans that consume them. Due to the varying conditions in which organic foods are grown, they can often contain amounts of chemicals and pesticides. For example, many organic farms neighbor inorganic farms where chemicals and pesticides can be easily transferred by insects and wind, causing chemical contamination to the organic foods being grown. In Nancy Sprague’s counterpoint article she makes a valid point in saying that â€Å"the residue of chemicals nitrates and antibiotics cannot be avoided in the natural environment today, as a broad contamination of the earth’s natural resources is a burgeoning threat that even organic production cannot offset. † Some organic foods are often fertilized with a natural fertilizer: animal manure. Feces from any mammal contain various bacteria that can inflict disease, and may also be transferred to the organic foods grown in it. Sprague also points out that although organic food is being marketed as a healthier alternative, the term â€Å"organic† simply means that a farmer has met a set of standards to be labeled as an organic farmer and does not ensure the safety of the foods. Although organic foods may seem a better alternative than inorganic foods, they both have evidence proving contamination. On the other hand, inorganic farming is openly known to use chemicals and pesticides in order to preserve, stop insect and environmental damage, and to more rapidly produce crops. The questions then become how much contamination do the foods from each group contain, what types of contamination are present, and how do the amounts and type of contaminations effect the food content and in turn, human health? To reach my opinion, I had to become more self-aware to realize that my opinion was based on open ended questions versus factual information which forced me to become mpre knowledgeable on the topic. My initial view was in favor of inorganic foods, yet I found factual information that challenged my view, and I became more open-minded carefully evaluating both sides before I reached my opinion. To decide my opinion, I evaluated the information in the overview, point, and counterpoint articles and then compared it to the vague research that I had previously done on organic and inorganic foods. I then questioned my initial views against the information provided in each article and came to the conclusion that both foods have negative qualities that can effect human health. Before reading the point and counterpoint articles, I was for organic food knowing that is was grown without chemicals and pesticides, and that inorganic farming did the opposite. While reading the articles, my opinion started to shift as I began to understand some of the marketing strategies that make organic foods seem healthier than they may actually be. It was difficult to read the counterpoint on organic foods due to my loyalty to the brand, however, there were some truths that I had to recognize which made me rethink my initial position before reading the articles. Looking at both sides of the issue challenged my way of thinking by forcing me outside of my comfort zone which allowed me to step out of choosing one side or the other, but instead recognizing both the good and bad attributes both organic and inorganic foods have. I did change my ethical stance realizing that organic foods are not necessarily healthier as they are also contaminated, leading me to a greater understanding than what I originally had. Information on precisely how and how much they are contaminated was not found. From the authoritative evidence found in Berger’s article, he explained how manure was used to fertilize organically grown crops and that it is considered a â€Å"natural resource†. In today’s society, it is important to make sound ethical decisions as the decisions we make do not only affect us, but also those around us. It is particularly important to be ethical when making decisions about food, as they directly affect a persons’ health, and if the wrong decision is made, it could cost someone’s life. References Sprague, N. (2009). Counterpoint: Organic food is unnecessary & the current food supply is safe. Point of View, 1, 1. Retrieved August 20, 2011, from the Point of View Reference Center database. Griswold, A. (2009). Organic food: overview. Point of View, 1, 1. Retrieved August 21, 2011, from the Point of View Reference Center database. Berger, A. (2009). Point: Organic foods are a healthier alternative. Point of View, 1, 1. Retrieved August 20, 2011, from the Point of View Reference Center database.

History of American Education Essay

The Colonial Period (1607–1775) †¢ 1642 †¢ Massachusetts Bay Colony law requires proper teaching of children. In 1642, the Mass Bay Colony ruled children not taught properly would be apprenticed (practical work experience under the supervision of skilled workers in the trade and arts) to the town. The Early National Period (1775–1820) †¢ 1805 †¢ First elementary school established in New York, Formed by a wealthy businessmen to provide education for poor children. Run on the â€Å"Lancastrian† model that the older students learn and pass it down to the younger children. The Common School Movement (1820–1865). †¢1825 †¢ Noah Webster standardizes word meanings. First edition of Noah Webster’s â€Å"An American Dictionary† is published. The Evolution of the American High School (1890- 1920) †¢ 1895 †¢ First achievement test devised. Joseph Rice develops a spelling test, which he gives to over 16,000 students in eighth grade. The spelling test is made of 50 words. The Modern Era (1946 – present) †¢ 1954 †¢ Brown vs. Board of education, Topeka case makes segregated schooling illegal on the grounds that segregated schools generate feelings of racial inferiority and are inherently unequal. The Colonial Period (1607–1775) †¢ 1642 †¢ Massachusetts Bay Colony law requires proper teaching of children. In 1642, the Mass Bay Colony ruled children not taught properly would be apprenticed (practical work experience under the supervision of skilled workers in the trade and arts) to the town. This even in education history has shaped today’s classroom and proposes great reflection of what children are to become tomorrow. In this even, societies are molding a future for children, boosting their education in hopes that someday they  will have made a wise career choice and make something of them. Not intended for the children to work under someone’s care, but to work for themselves. This is still practiced in today’s classroom. The curriculum gets more complicated and the lessons get harder to accomplish. This paves the way for children to challenge themselves and others around them in order to succeed. Teachers are to encourage students to be what they want to be in life and not to settle for less. Children are encouraged by parents, teachers and society to become successful no matter what they plan to achieve with their education. This method is started before birth for many children and parents. Parents practice things such as singing, playing music, reading and talking to unborn children to stimulate them in the womb. This stimulation helps children progress faster and learn easier when they are born. Society has stressed to children that they should learn, learn, and learn some more to be as successful as they can possibly be.

Owning a Electric Car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Owning a Electric Car - Essay Example Electric cars are the solution people have been waiting for years. The electric car marketplace is in the introductory stage of its product life cycle. Electric cars are a new product that is going to have a growing demand in the future. It is estimated that by the year 2020 hybrid and electric car sales will reach 6.6 million annual units which will account for 7% of the light-duty vehicle market (Marcacci, 2014). The government is helping companies to sell cars profitably by offering subsidies for the sale of green vehicles such as electric cars. The profitability for companies is going to increase once the demands rises because firms will be able to enjoy the benefits of economies of scale. Electric cars are the wave of the future. People are going to switch from gas to electricity because gas is going to continue to rise in price. A five dollar a gallon mark is closer than people realize. As electric cars go down in price more people are going to purchase more of these vehicles. One of the cons of some electric cars is their limited driving range. Car manufactures have to fire out a way that the range of the battery of electric cars match the range of a full tank of gas. Marcacci, S. (2014). Electric Vehicles Speeding Towards 7% of All Global Sales Towards 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2014 from

The Role of Multicultural Education in Citizenship Essay

The Role of Multicultural Education in Citizenship - Essay Example This is an interesting single case study, but it would be risky to extend any major conclusions to other contexts. A further weakness of this article is that the theory is largely separate from the observation. The lengthy introduction sets out the findings of previous scholars, but it is not always obvious how this relates to the particular teacher being studied in the article. The hybrid method of academic argument followed by snippets of interview leads to an implied devaluation of the teacher’s words as mere anecdote. It is as if the teacher is cited as an illustration of someone else’s theories, rather than a speaker and thinker in her own right. For this reason the article presents a strange aura of superficiality and the fact that the author is male and the subject is female creates a certain gender specific tension as well. This article shows a potential of researcher bias due to strong tone of advocacy that emerges. The choice of method leaves the male professo r in control of the way a single female teacher’s voice is edited and presented. Status and gender issues make this a potentially unfair representation, and adding gender hierarchies to the obvious racial hierarchies that are discussed in the article. In summary, then, this article is clearly knowledgeable about theory, but somewhat inadequate in explaining the connection between theory and practice. Its focus on one researcher and one teacher makes it also very limited in scope and open to the charge of bias. Article 2 (Mathews and Dilworth) This article addresses three main questions relating to the way that preservice teachers view multicultural citizenship, namely 1) the type of citizen that preservice teachers aspire to promote in their future classrooms; 2) the way that preservice... This paper approves that the innovative approach used in the Cutri article on narrative as a method of teaching and learning multicultural citizenship is applicable is a good example of new thinking being applied to a familiar context. It stands out as a new technique among many old and tired approaches, and although it may not suit everyone, and might seem suspect for researchers who prepare quantitative approaches and more triangulation from different perspectives, it can safely be recommended as an exciting tool to help trainee teachers set out their own narrative starting points and begin to engage students with the personal and the emotional aspects of the subject. This essay comes to the conclusion that the close study of the three articles highlighted at the start of this paper has led to a greater appreciation of the difference between surface knowledge and deeply held beliefs. All three studies provide useful insights into the teaching of multicultural citizenship, and especially into the methods that should be used to train teachers of this discipline. The authors all stress the need for preservice teachers and teachers and also teacher educators to engage in a process of continuous reflection and application of theories to the teaching situation. It is clear that the majority of teaching and research in the field of multicultural civilization in the United States is still being conducted by white people and that engagement with some of the issues at a deep level is not taking place in many training programs. Greater familiarity with international scholarship, and a willingness to try new methods are two recommendations which would go a lo ng way to remedying the narrow focus of these American studies.

Are We Academic Capitalists Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Are We Academic Capitalists - Assignment Example The current trend of education is grounded on academic capitalism. Faculty and students are viewed in terms of generating revenue and commercial value. Capitalism includes the reshaping the organizational sites, professional workforce, and terms of academic responsibilities to achieve the goals of the academic capitalists. The United States school program is integrated with the monopolistic capitalism. The line between the public and private institution was unclear. To financially survive, schools trained students to fill the needs of industry. Faculty members are defined as managed professionals. The following cases show capitalism is permeating the academic institutions. Case1. An increasingly part time profession. In Eastern Oregon State College and other academic institutions, the academic capitalists to hire terminated full time faculty members as part time teachers. Later, the part time faculty was reduced to teach only status. Lastly, the same faculty member was retrenched. Ca se 2. An increasingly managed profession. In 1982, the President of Sonoma State University insisted he had to revise the current programs. The school had to resolve the declining enrollment issue. Resolution included retrenchment of 53 full time faculty members. Senior was the basis for terminating faculty members. Case 3. An increasingly Capitalistic Profession, globally. Ronald Collins, New Wave University in Australia, Water Systems Institute head. Collins use direct product revenues, grants, and royalties to financially keep his group surviving. The institute generated more funds compared to the University. The institute hired more employees compared faculty members. Case 4. Increasingly commoditized faculty-graduate student relationships. At Nouveau University, commercialization of the academic institution widened the gap between faculty members and the students. Part time faculty members have increase by more than 43 percent. Businesses partnered with schools to generate mark ets for a new product or service. Full time faculty members were replaced by part time faculty members. PART II. The article The Neo-Liberal University (Slaugher &&Rhoades, 2000) emphasized public colleges and universities typify the neoliberalism-based entities. The academe supports the corporate competitiveness by playing major parts in the knowledge-based global economy. The academe trains students to blend with industry by becoming industry’s future leaders or managers of major corporations. Likewise, schools train students to create products and processes to fill the needs of the business industry players. Basically, the major goal of schools is to fill industry’s need for global competitiveness. Academic capitalism includes the public colleges and universities’ investment in business ventures. The ventures include startup companies precipitating from the cooperative efforts of the faculty and student s. with the academic setup, the schools’ startup companies do not have to suffer the pains of unprofitable or unsuccessfully business ventures, unlike non-academic business ventures. Public support cushions the ill effects of unsuccessful business ventures. The schools serve the educational needs of students who can afford to pay their school fees. The students use grants, loans and other sources to pay for their educational trainings. The academic institutions’ implementation of a market model translated to a restructuring that benefits the professional and high technology

Business Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Resources - Essay Example The mere presence of resources in a business is not sufficient to ensure that the business is successful. The resources of a business should be employed in an intelligent and strategic manner to ensure its success. The human resources of a business include the personnel and employees working in the company. The human resources also include the management expertise and skills resources. The human resources are considered to be the most critical resources of a business in the modern business world. The effectiveness of the human resources of a business can be gauged with the help of the skill base achieved in the business. The skills possessed in a business and the ability to use the skills to meet the changing dynamics and requirements of the business are important factors that should be considered for evaluating the human resources of the business. The audit of the human resources should be conducted periodically to ensure that the assessment of the human resources available to the business is done fairly and to find out the emerging needs of the business regarding human resource management. Some relevant factors that can be used to audit the human resources are the identification of resources of staffing like the number of employees by function, the remuneration, qualification, location, experience, and grades of the employees. The assessment of key intangibles like business culture and morale are other factors which can be used to represent the effectiveness of human resources present in a business. The physical resources of a business include a number of operational resources that can be used for the delivery of specific strategies using physical capabilities. The physical resources of a business may be of many types and can vary according to the nature and scale of the business. The production facilities like capacity, production processes, maintenance and investment requirements, quality and organization are important factors which decide the effectiveness of physical resources in an organization.

Coursework in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coursework in Economics - Essay Example given that the price remains constant, the demand curve may shift upwards or downward, some of the reasons why the demand curve shifts include a change in future price expectations, consumers may opt to purchase more today to avoid high prices in the future or purchase less to purchase at low prices in the future, (Hardwick (2002)). The following table shows an example of downward shift and upward shift in demand: From the above diagram assuming that demand curve 0 is the original demand curve, a downward shift in the demand curve will shift the demand curve to demand curve 1 while an upward shift will shift the demand curve to demand curve 2. A shift in supply curve occurs when the quantity supplied increases or decreases given that the price remains constant, the supply curve may shift upwards or downward, (Hardwick (2002)). The following table shows a downward and upward shift in supply: From the above diagram assuming that supply curve 0 is the original demand curve, a downward shift in the supply curve will shift the supply curve to supply curve 2 while an upward shift will shift the supply curve to supply curve 1. Own price elasticity of demand refers to the percentage change in quantity demanded when the price is increased by one percent. Therefore it is calculated by dividing the percentage change in the quantity demanded by the percentage change in price level. For a normal good own price elasticity of demand is negative. (Walter (2000)) Own price elasticity of supply refers to the percentage change in quantity supplied when the price is increased by one percent. Therefore it is calculated by dividing the percentage change in the quantity supplied by the percentage change in price level. (Walter (2000)) The price of oil is determined by the supply and the demand of oil in the world. Some of the major producers include Iran, Iraq and Kuwait. From the oil price chart it is evident that the fluctuations in oil prices has been as a result of war and

The Sudanese Girl, photographed by Kevin Carter Essay

The Sudanese Girl, photographed by Kevin Carter - Essay Example There is more meaning to what is seen in the photography, much more than someone who was so close to the girl could take. At the time the photograph was taken, Sudan had been in the midst of a civil war that have led to prolonged famine that afflicted a wide range of the population necessitating international organizations like the United Nations to distribute aid in the form of food and other relief supplies. The strength of the rhetorical analysis comes in terms of requiring validating references from diverse secondary sources to confirm the credibility not only of the incidents crucial for the photograph, but also the story surrounding famine infested Sudan and Carter’s ultimate demise. The Sudanese Girl, photographed by Kevin Carter A young naked body cramped on the earth, with very thin limbs, and rib cage protruding. Face touching the earth from the forehead. The viewer could not even decipher the gender. Despite the face hidden, the gender could have been surmised due to the single white accessory around the neck. Most disturbing was the vulture intently eyeing a potential meal, not even three meters away. Everything else seemed to be oblivious of the scene. Aside from the green trees that set the background, all that viewers see is the disturbing reality of hunger, famine, eminent death. The meaning that the picture aims to relay is more than eliciting pity, empathy, fear – it generated diverse reactions and criticisms that created another tragic story for the photographer who was tagged as "The man adjusting his lens to take just the right frame of her suffering," said The Sudanese Girl, photographed by Kevin Carter Source: Toledo, 2010 the St. Petersburg (Florida) Times, "might just as well be a pre dator, another vulture on the scene† (Macleod, 1994, 5). The story of Kevin Carter was thereby featured in Time, published on September 12, 1994 entitled â€Å"The Life and Death of Kevin Carter† (Time, 1994) which proffered the kind of life the photographer led and the tendencies for drug addiction and susceptibility to suicide. Having previously attempted to take his life after losing his job, Macleod revealed Carter espousing a troubled personality exemplifying a rollercoaster prelude aggravated by the habit of taking marijuana and the ‘white-pipe’: â€Å"a mixture of dagga and Mandrax, a banned tranquilizer containing methaqualone† (Macleod, 1994, 3). Another opportunity to rationalize the tragic suicide of a recently acclaimed photographer, seeking to justify the outcome of his behavior, by fitting pieces of a puzzle, leaving the readers to conclude. The image ability to appeal to ethos is deemed eminent in its solicitation of diverse reactions focusing the plight of the victims of Sudan’s civil war and famine. The immediate fame it generated by winning a Pulitzer Prize was actually magnified by the event of the photographer’s death. According to Christensen (2010), â€Å"it is true that Kevin Carter won a Pulitzer Prize for his famous photograph. It is also true that Carter left the scene after taking the photograph without helping the child. However, it is too simplistic to suggest that he committed suicide as a direct result of his experience with this child as implied in the message. It is also unfair to judge his actions without having some understanding of the man's state of mine along with the terrible conditions in Sudan at the time the photograph was taken† (par. 2). The statement supports the appeal of the ethos perspective in reaching

Sexual harassment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Sexual harassment - Research Paper Example For example, it is unlawful to harass a female employee, through making remarks that are offensive to the nature of women in general. Different from the traditional conception of sexual harassment, the harassing party and the victim can either be a man or a woman, and in other cases they can also be of the same sex. Despite the fact that the law does not prohibit offhand comments, teasing, or the isolated cases that are relatively subtle, harassment is illegal (Lawoko et al., 2004). This is, especially, the case when it is severe and frequent, to the extent that it makes the work environment offensive or hostile; it is considered illegal when it can lead to adverse decision-making relating to the employment of either parties (Bimrose, 2004). The adverse effects of sexual harassment include the demotion of the victim or the loss of employment, and the harasser can be a supervisor to the victim, a supervisor in another line of work, a co-worker or an external party, including a customer (EEOC 2014). This paper will explore the nature of sexual harassment, its characteristics and the experiences of sexual harassment. The main source of information for this report was the wide variety of databases for articles and publications about the area of sexual harassment: these databases include Emerald, Proquest, BIDS Ingenta, SpringerLINK, ScienceDirect, Business Source Premier and Inform Global. To offer focus to the search, different search terms were used, including sexual harassment, gender harassment, workplace violence and sexual harassment training. A majority of the sources related to the key terms were from Australia and the US – the focus of many of the sources was healthcare workers, particularly among nursing staffs (Privitera et al., 2005). Mott and Condor (1997) reported that during the 1990s, 85 percent of the studies done on sexual harassment had been carried out in the US, and that more than 70 percent of the total had used students

A Comparison of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian Societies Essay Example for Free

A Comparison of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian Societies Essay Although Egypt and Mesopotamia were both early agricultural societies built upon the water provided by the major rivers which sustained them, they exhibited important differences as a consequence of the different physical environments in which they developed. In this paper I will first focus on what I consider to be the major aspects of these differences in environment and then explore the consequences of these differences in their religious beliefs, political organization and commercial practices. A major difference in physical environment between these ancient societies was the seasonal river flows on which they depended for farming. The Nile which supported early Egyptian civilization was characterized by predictable and annual flooding in the early fall. These floods occurred after crops were harvested. This pattern was a consequence of the regular late summer monsoon rains which fell at its headwaters. The Nile also possessed a large spreading delta area that gave rise to natural irrigation canals that would flood the areas between them with fertile nutrients for the next planting year. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers which supported the Mesopotamian society would typically flood in the late spring just when crops would be ripening, often with disastrous results on harvests. This pattern was a result of these waters originating from winter snow melt in the Anatolian mountains (now in present day Turkey) where these rivers originated. These floods sometimes caused the rivers to change their course abruptly cutting off fields from water. Another primary physical difference contributing to cultural differences was the relative isolation in which ancient Egypt developed compared to Mesopotamia. According to our text book ‘Egypt’s natural isolation and material self-sufficiency fostered a unique culture that for long periods of time had relatively little to do with other civilizations’. In contrast, Mesopotamia was open to migration or invasion and was dependent on imported resources. Also many different ethnic peoples contributed to the growth of Mesopotamian society. The religious beliefs of Egypt and Mesopotamia were influenced by many factors. The rivers, every day objects, and the beliefs of the people. In Egypt in contrast to Mesopotamia the Pharaoh was considered to be a god in addition to being the supreme ruler. He was the main god of their religion. In Egypt people praised their gods for the annual flooding of the Nile. However in Mesopotamia the people were frightened of their gods because ‘the gods could alter the landscape’ arbitrarily. In return they gave their gods gifts in hopes of appeasing them. In both of the civilizations religion was polytheistic, i. e. , having many gods. The political organization of Egypt was based on the central authority of the Pharaoh. Since he was the embodied form of a god, he was the law. He chose where the capitol would be located, such a Thebes, Memphis, etc. Although smaller cities existed in ancient Egypt the majority of Egyptians appeared to live in small farming villages. In contrast, Mesopotamia was built around a number of independent city states surrounded by farming villages. Many of these cities competed with each other or even warred with each other to become a dominant center of power. No uniform basis for law or justice existed in this decentralized environment until Hammurabi succeeded in becoming the first king of Babylon and established the Babylonian Empire with control over all of Mesopotamia. He created a law code of which may copies were made. These inscribed tablets were sent to the different clans of Mesopotamia and became a basis for a uniform legal system, including classification of the people living under his dominion The commercial activities in Mesopotamia were quite extensive as a result of the requirement to develop trading relationships between the different city states and other regions to obtain needed resources. This resulted in the development of a merchant class in the urban centers unlike the situation in Egypt. Trade was based on bartering rather than money. Goods traded included wood, metals, and stone in exchange for wool, cloth, barley, and vegetable oil. These practices required the development of the skills needed for acquiring, transporting, and protecting valuable commodities. According to our textbook, independent merchants and merchant guilds had gained considerable influence in Mesopotamian society by the second 2000 BC.

Assignment as Essay Example for Free

Assignment as Essay As part of the network security team, we will be proving IDI with a network security plan to mitigate the vulnerabilities that have been discovered. A secure site will be set up with network intrusion detection and network protection systems will be available to access via the internal network. Policies will be presented for remote access and the use of VPN. Also contained within this report will be strategies for hardening the network and mitigating risks. An updated network layout with increased network security to meet the current needs will be included. In the interest of business continuity, remote access will be utilized. User wishing access to internal network assets will only be able to access said assets with the use of a company issued laptop. We will make use of MAC address filtering to allow remote users access to the internal network via VPN. Each of the remote access laptops will have been loaded with VPN and have the MAC address added to the list on the MAC address filter. Users will be able to login to the VPN by using their local username and password. By making use of a VPN connection, users should be able to easily access the network assets. VPN connections are protected by SSL encryption which provides communication security over the internet. Each of the remote access laptops will be encrypted with McAfee safeboot encryption and all local data will remain encrypted until a valid login is entered. McAfee safeboot encryption requires additional login information to access the IDI internal network. At the present there is one web server for employees to access both internal and external sites. The network security team will be integrating a web server located within the internal network. This Web server will be accessible only from within IDI’s local area network. We will be using the layered security concept to protect IDI’s internal servers. An (IDS) intrusion detection system will be set up to send out alerts in the event of an intrusion and log all connections. An (IPS) intrusion prevention system will be set up to prevent the detected intrusions and will make use of MAC address filtering to deny or allow connections based off the MAC address or physical address of each machine. MAC address filtering will allow the servers to accept incoming traffic from predetermined hosts. To further secure the local area network, the network security team will be implementing the principle of least privilege in regards to the users. By using the principle of least privilege we will be preventing multiple forms of malicious or accidental risks by only giving the user the permissions and privileges necessary to complete their job. Microsoft’s default security software is commonly used and well known making the vulnerabilities well known, which would make it easier for a hacker to plan out an attack. Third party antivirusmalware and firewall software will be used on all machines. The servers located within the network will make use of a statefull firewall to monitor and filter all traffic on the network by scanning for congruence between data packets. The public facing servers used to connect the internal webserver to the customer website are contained within the demilitarized zone. Due to the demilitarized zones proximity to the wide area network, we will be taking a layered security approach. There will be a statefull firewall located between the router and the demilitarized zone. This firewall will protect the internal network via the LAN-to-WAN connection by performing in-depth packet inspection and closely monitoring the LAN’s inbound and outbound traffic. A stateless physical firewall device will be in place between the internet service provider and the demilitarized zone. This firewall hardware will allow for larger amounts of inbound and outbound traffic. The demilitarized zone will make use of both an IDS and IPS to handle any intrusions within this part of the network. Current IDI Network Weaknesses/vulnerabilities Logisuite 4. 2.2 has been installed 10 years ago, has not been upgraded, however over 350 modifications have been made, and license is expired RouteSim- The destination delivery program is used to simulate routes, costs and profits , it is not integrated into Logisuite or oracle financials to take advantage of the databases for real-time currency valuation and profit loss projections IDI needs to standardize office automation hardware and software currently there are about 600 workstations , 200 HP, 150 Toshibas, 175 IBM, 50 dell, rest are apple PowerBooks without CAD software available Software ranges from various antique word processing packages of which are incompatible for integration with each other, causing transfer of files to become corrupt when opened by incompatible software Polices exist that prohibit the introduction of personal devices, many executives have had administrators install clients on their unsupported non-standard personal laptops, pcs, ws that interface with internet with little or no personal protection WAN was designed by MCI in early 2000’s which has not been upgraded since data rate increases have occurred in Asia and Brazil has been distressed. Between September and March (peak hours) capacity is insufficient, customers are lost due to dropped connections and abandoned shopping baskets, further reducing growth and revenue Telecommunications – limited Mitel SX-2000 private automatic branch exchange (PABX) that only provides voicemail and call forwarding Current IDI Strengths Sao Paulo is presently the strongest link in the chain. Sao Paulo Brazil is a model of standardization; all other sites will be modeled after this site. The Sao Paulo office includes the following setup 30 MS windows for file and print 4 Linux (Unix) servers for major production applications 2 Linux (Unix) servers with the internet zone with juniper high-speed switches and routers A storage area network based on EMC CLARiiON SAP R/3(ECC6-Portal based apps) Up-to-date security policies although in Spanish The telephone system provided by SP Telesis- one of the four competing providers in the metropolitan city The NEC NEAX 2400 Series PABX used for internal and external communications

No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre | Analysis

No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre | Analysis Analysis of No Exit No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre is a play that symbolizes the German occupation of France. He was a soldier in the French Army during World War II and had to face the humiliation of defeat and the suffering of war. No Exit takes place in a room which is supposed to be a part of hell occupied by three people who cannot stand being around each other. This is an allusion to the relationship between the French and German people living amongst each other during the war. In this play, Sartre discusses issues such as freedom, reliance on others, deception, and â€Å"bad faith† (Spark Notes, analysis). In this essay I will discuss the different ideas and symbolization that help the reader understand Sartres conveyed messages about how he views death and how one must handle the present. Also, I will discuss the characters in depth to understand why they handled the situations they were in so differently than the others by comparing and contrasting their personalities. Sartre also was a fir m believer in either a â€Å"being-in-itself†, a being that lets other people control them or a â€Å"being-for-itself†, a being who makes their own choices. Existence precedes essence† was the theme to his belief that a humans consciousness was centered on a being-for-itself, or a being-in-itself (Spark Notes, analysis). Humans have the power to control their choices, thoughts, characteristics, values and certain traits. With this power also comes responsibility for ones choices. This anxiety of responsibility causes people to step back and let others chose and control what they think and do. It is a way to cope and not take responsibility for ones actions. This in turn creates the idea of a â€Å"being-in-itself† instead of the humans usual â€Å"being-for-itself†. In this paper this idea will be discussed and compared with the characters reactions to their own personal reality in hell. The four characters that Sartre portrayed in this play are the valet, Inez, Estelle and Mr. Garcin. Garcin is a journalist from Rio and the first to be introduced to the story and enter the room. His cause of death was execution by a firing squad for trying to desert during a war. The war was not specified exactly, but his excuse for deserting was that he was a pacifist and was standing up for what he believed in. During the play, it is clear that Garcin is able to deal with the idea of their hell better than the other two characters in the room. He sees and understands that the three of them were not put together by chance but actually brought together on purpose to torture each other with the others existence. He stated that the best way to cope with this predicament was for each person to keep to themselves and leave the other be in hopes of being able to coexist peacefully. Throughout the whole story, Garcin looks back into the past and looks at Earths present and tries to make p eace with himself about the evil things he had done to his loved ones on Earth. He completely understands why he is damned to hell and does not question anything about where he is. Inez is the second person to enter the room and is the most destructive of all of the characters. She makes it her mission to cause the most hostility and problems towards the other two people in the room. Her past occupation was as a postal clerk. She believes she is in hell, because she seduced her cousins wife and practiced adultery. The reason for her death was that her lover, her cousins wife, left the stove on while they were sleeping and the gas killed them both. She clearly dislikes men and automatically hates Garcin. In many instances she is obviously competing with him. However, she quickly finds Estelle very attractive and pursues her for the rest of the story. She tries to find any way possible to be closer to Estelle and actually scares her. Estelle is the last person to enter the hell. She i s the most skittish and frightened person in the room. She relies on mirrors to remind her that she is actually there, and when she realizes there are no mirrors in the room she agrees to rely on Garcin and Inez to define her existence. She also strongly believes that she does not belong in hell, being only willing to admit to her cause of death: pneumonia. She refuses to use the word dead but asks everyone to instead use the word absent. Inez pursues her but Estelle informs them that she can only be with a man and favors Garcin. Garcin is briefly interested in Estelle but then quickly puts all of his energy into focusing on Inez and her actions. Estelle finally confesses that she had an affair on her husband and killed her illegitimate child. Lastly, the most mysterious of all characters is the valet.He was the person to lead each individual into the room, rarely answering any questions and only supplies brief, cryptic answers. He informs Garcin of the bell in the room with which h e may be summoned, but it rarely works. The valet is reminiscent of a devil picture. He gives Garcin a chance to escape but knows that because of his personality, he would never leave in fear of Inez passing judgments on him for leaving the room. The characters think that the valet toys with each of them indirectly and causes them great annoyance and problems, such as the furnishing of the room. Existentialism is the rejection of any traditional approach to objective understandings of human behavior. Existentialists choose to study and look at individual humans who exist independently of any sort of community, tradition, or law. In No Exit, it can be a perfect place for existentialism to be observed because of how each character is taken out of his or her element to be picked apart and analyzed. Since there is no way out and no mirrors, the characters are left to decide for themselves if they are really there and have an essence. Sartre questions the differences between existence and essence with each character. Each person has died on earth and is left to only survive off of what they have left of their souls. They are able to see for themselves who they really are due to their closed off situation. A mà ©nage a trios has been created in this play where each character must either ignore or accept the judgments of the others in the room. In the beginning, both Inez and Garc in have a conflict about the way Garcins face looked. She did not like the way his mouth turned and she demanded that he stop. He chose to believe her opinion and tried to stop. This is one of many examples of how these characters agree to rely on the opinion of others to define their existence. Garcin allowed Inez to define his essence. Another interesting point about this work is that Sartre did not describe hell as being a definitive place. He allows you to see that hell could be a state of mind. Sartre most likely wrote this play during the German occupation of Paris and so one can conclude that he compared the eyelid-less stare of the valet to the Nazis and their surveillance of the French people. Garcin is deeply bothered by the valet staring at him because of his fear of being judged by others questioning eyes. Sartre practices the technique of exposition, or giving a detailed background to each character, to introduce each character by placing them in an awkward and strange situation. Sartre also foreshadows many of the major points of the play before they occur later on. For example, every character is already dead and yet they still are in denial and continue to think of themselves as alive. They continue to make comments like nothing is different about their lives and refuse to accept where they are at first. Also, there is foreshadowing of the character development between Garcin and Estelle. In the beginning when Estelle first sees him, she recognizes him and connects him with her lover on earth. This foreshadows their relationship later on in the story. Existence and essence is also talked about with the example of how Estelle relies on a mirror to believe that she is really there. She relies on material things to define her existence. Inez on the other hand refuses to let other peop le define her existence or essence. â€Å"She claims that she is always painfully conscious of herself† (Spark Notes, analysis). Hell is other people is also a main topic portrayed in this play (Scridb). Estelle needs Inez to be her mirror but it is not possible for her to assist Estelle fully because they have different opinions about appearance. There will always be a difference in the way they would see each other. Inez greatly dislikes the way Garcin looks at her, and feels like he is always judging her. Garcin also hates the idea of other people judging him for what he has chosen to do and would stop at nothing to prove them wrong, even if it means him staying in the room forever. Both Estelle and Garcin refuse to let go of their pasts and accept what has already been done. They each cause their own hell, and it seems like a never ending cycle of personal torture. They still both act like they are in the past and refuse to look at the here and now, unlike Inez. She clear ly sees her present and understands that the past cannot be altered, and so she decides not to linger on it. â€Å"All you own is here† is an evidently true quote said by Inez that greatly emphasizes the idea of acceptance (Spark Notes, analysis). Garcin, towards the end proves that he has the least amount of self understanding and worth. He is unable to decide on his motives as to why he ran from the war and whether he considers himself a coward or not. He asks Estelle to tell him what her opinion is and relies on her to convince him either way. Just like Inez, Garcin is extremely worried about others laying judgments on him, and fears a lack of control. He believes that now that he is gone, he has left his memory and legacy in other peoples hands to do what they please with it. He gives his freedom to define himself to others. He has now became a being-in-itself. This is the whole reason why he chooses to not leave when the valet opens the door for him. He believes that peo ple will always judge him from the choices he has made in his past, and decides to damn himself to the room for eternity. Sartre powerfully shows that hell could simply be other people by putting Garcin, Estelle and Inez together. Hell can be a mindset and not just a physical place. Just the power of each persons gaze on one another takes away from each persons individuality as a whole. There is no need for physical torture when the mere existence of the other causes enough anguish. Each character loses and ignores their given freedom and responsibility. No Exit is an extremely interesting piece of literature which I recommend to anyone who wants to see an abstract way of looking at life and its many important themes. Responsibility for ones actions, acceptance of others, self-reliance on defining ones self, existence, concentration on looking at the present and not dwelling on the future are very important ways of operating life which are echoed throughout this work. Each character symbolizes weaknesses in which many people have and can relate to. Bibliography 1. Scribd. â€Å"No Exit by Jean Paul Sartre.† Non-commercial copyright. 9 May. 2008. . 2. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on No Exit.† SparkNotes LLC. n.d..17 Nov. 2009. .

Rhetorical Reading Essay -- essays research papers

Rhetorical Reading Essay(Revision)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since they started pouring the concrete for the dam Lake Powell has been a center of controversy. From nature preservationists to ancient ruins advocates the subject has been heated and intense. On the other hand, those who support Lake Powell are just as avid and active in their defense of the reservoir. One of the former, Edward Abbey, sets forth his plea, hoping it does not fall upon deaf ears.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abbey attempts in his article to help the reader visualize Glen Canyon before it was dammed up. He uses a lot of pathos to help the reader â€Å"feel† the beauty of the previous Glen Canyon and the ugliness of the present. His article seems to be written not to the supporters of Lake Powell, but to those who side with Abbey, perhaps in an attempt to strengthen their resolve to do something about their beliefs. Abbey advocates the draining and naturalizing of the reservoir, allowing it to regress back to its natural state. Although the author is very talented at using connotations and figurative language, he focuses too much on pathos and a 20th century view of nature and lacks sufficient logos and ethos. This essay while very passionate is poorly done. The author, Edward Abbey, admits that he is a â€Å"butterfly chaser, googly eyed bleeding heart and wild conservative†(Abbey, 144). His constant appeals to nostalgia and tree hugging are repetitive and long-winded. However, as mentioned above, he is an expert in figurative language and connotation. Right from the beginning Abbey uses a great metaphor comparing Glen Canyon to the living heart of the canyon lands, and throws in another about the Colorado River being golden. He tries to form a beautiful picture of what Glen Canyon used to be like by sharing an experience that he and a buddy had almost 50 years ago. Although picturesque and ideal, we all understand that change is a natural part of both mankind and nature and that all things have an end. Later in the article Abbey uses more great connotations and points out that the reservoir has had negative effects on the environment in that area. â€Å"†¦Debris brought down into them by desert storms, no longer carried away by the river, must unavoidably build up in the area where flood meets reservoir†(147). And later, â€Å"Anyone who has tried to pilot a motorboat through a raft... ...birds, 800 different mammals and more that a dozen reptile species (Lake Powell). And anyone who has been there will ask, if there is a slight lack of insects, which I am not sure there is, how is that a bad thing? This hardly seems the sterile, lifeless scene that Abbey paints for us and is simply one of the many examples of omission he uses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that although Abbey means well in trying to preserve the natural form and environment of Glen Canyons, he is unable to see that many, many more people are out enjoying the beauties of Lake Powell than ever graced the shores of the Colorado River in that area. This is what people want. Abbey poorly surmises that the majority of people agree with his viewpoints, â€Å"I am not alone, for I belong to that ever-growing number of Americans, probably a good majority now, who have become aware that a fully industrialized, thoroughly urbanized, elegantly computerized social system is not suitable for human habitation†(Abbey, 144). If that were so Lake Powell would have been drained and dry decades ago. The truth is that with few exceptions, people like Lake Powell just the way it is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Once and Future King :: Once and Future King Essays

The Once and Future King The Once and Future King by T.H. White has a theme which consists of being true to yourself and your beliefs. Many characters and events in this book reinforce this idea and portray it as the main lesson. Readers are affected by learning important life-lessons throughout each chapter and book. Readers learn in the beginning that Arthur strongly believes in keeping his word. Even in Book I, when Arthur was a child, he refused to leave Hob's hawk, Cully, in the forest. This was because he did not want to betray Hob's trust. There are several other times in the story in which Arthur shows the personal importance keeping his word to others, and this shows that he is staying true to his beliefs over time. It's very important to me that people keep their promises, because you will never be able to trust or rely on that person if they don't. Arthur, as king, also thinks that it is important to enforce justice. Arthur learns and takes into belief that "Might is Right" . Arthur uses this belief to form and run the Round Table. This is another thing of importance in my life because fairness is imperative for a good society. Today's courtrooms use methods of fairness that were modeled is Arthur's Round Table. Although, this idea of fairness and honesty can also make for difficult or uncomfortable situations; such as Arthur and the fact that Guenever and Lancelot were in love. Arthur eventually realizes he must do what is just, as his beliefs tell him, and punish Guenever. Lancelot also has many adventures in the novel that shows that he stays true to himself and his beliefs. He has many quests and struggles to achieve and maintain holiness. It is important to Lancelot that he be kind, loyal, and respectful. These traits are portrayed by his idolization of Arthur throughout the entire book. His religion also plays a major role in his life, giving him something to work towards. This idea of being a good person also applies to my life because it is ultimately what I strive to achieve.

Police Use of Force Essay -- Black Lives Matter

The police forces in every community are deemed law enforcement officers and have to take necessary precautions in executing their job. Individuals that police officers encounter may at any time threaten the security of the officer or others. Police officers have to follow procedures that are necessary to maintain control of situations that can cause harm to others or property. The three topics that will be discussed in police use of force are; the explanation and background of use of force, limitations of use of force, and disputed court cases dealing with police use of force. Police use of force can be described as being the "amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.†(nij.gov, p.1) The stages of force police use are simple verbal and physical restraint, less lethal force and lethal force. Police officers are encouraged to use only enough force necessary to control a situation, arrest the person, or protect themselves or others from harm (p.1). When a situation begins to spiral out of control for the police officers, the next level should be used in order to gain control. Once the situation is resolved, police officers should make sure the injured receive medical treatment and notify family of any injured individuals (p.1). Levels of force that officers use depend upon the unique situation. Guidelines for use of force can be based on factors, including: federal and state regulations, police department’s experience, law enforcement technology availability, and police and citizen relationship that may exist in a particular jurisdiction (p.1) The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights has stated that "†¦in diffusing situations, apprehending alleged criminals, and in keeping everyone safe... ...if they are detailed to a special unit with minimal supervision, their style may be reinforced. They may perceive that the organization sanctions their behavior. This group would do better in peer counseling than individual counseling. It will then make them part of the solution, rather than part of the problem which may be central to changing their behavior. Works Cited Office Of Justice Programs (January 20, 2012) National Institute Of Justice (Police Use of Force http://www.nij.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/officer-safety/use-of-force/welcome.htm UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE: COPS COMMUITY ORIENTED POLICING SERVICES (Use Of Force) http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?Item=1374 Ellen M. Scrivner (October 1994) Controlling Police Use of Excessive Force: The Role of the Police Psychologist https://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/ppsyc.txt

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development

Entrepreneurship firstly arise from Richard Cantillon’s Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Gà ©nà ©ral, originally refers to the behavior people aim to become an entrepreneur. Currently, it is an increasingly heated issue worldwide because its power on driving innovation, productivity, job creation and economic development (Fisher, 2010). Schumpeter (1934) defined entrepreneurship as a creative response to potential opportunity and innovation means creating something original, innovative and significant that makes difference in a market or society (Frankelius, 2009).With respect to the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development, Schumpeter (1934) highlights the role of entrepreneurship is the catalyst of economic development through innovation. However, recent research discovered that the level of economic development, in turn, has significant influence on entrepreneurship and innovation. Hence, in my opinion, entrepreneurship has important po sitive effects on economic development in terms of innovation, whereas economic development also affects entrepreneurship and innovation.At the same time, sustainability, which is always combined with entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development frequently arises in government policies or academic research, is another popular topic now. This essay will elaborate the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development respectively with theoretic literature and business cases in section 2, and then in section 3, the role of sustainability in this relationship will be illustrated.2. The relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development.2.1 Entrepreneurship and innovation Numerous theses are put forth to clarify the relationship between  entrepreneurship and innovation. Shane (2003) claims that the primary issue for an entrepreneur is create new ventures while innovation is a secondary consideration. Hindle (2009) also views inn ovation as an entrepreneurial process to generate economic benefits. Both these two views reflect that entrepreneurship is the centre of the relationship and the role of innovation is limited.However, Drucker (1985 cited in Lumsdaine and Binks, 2007) points out a more reasonable relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship that innovation is a specific and unique tool of entrepreneurs. Schumpeter, as cited in Westhead, Wright and McElwee 2011, also explicitly concludes that innovation is a pre-requisite for genuine entrepreneurship. These two points clarify that individuals who can become entrepreneurs have the capacity to combine creative ideas in novel way and create something original, initiative and significant. Thus, in this way, innovation is a must for entrepreneurship. A suitable example of this is non-bag vacuum cleaner designed by James Dyson.Noticing a phenomenon that when the bag of vacuum is full, the suction became inefficient, Dyson devised the idea of produci ng a non-bag vacuum cleaner that promotes efficiency and convenience. He put this innovative idea into effect, established new business and launched the product in 1993, and eventually his product dominated the British vacuum cleaner market (Westhead, Wright and McElwee, 2011).In this example, it is evident innovative non-bag vacuum cleaner will not be obtainable in absence of innovation. In addition, Schumpeter (1936 cited in Lumsdaine and Binks, 2007) also emphasizes the issue that an entrepreneur cannot combine existed products and create new industry without innovation. For these reasons, innovation is the premise of entrepreneurship.2.2 Entrepreneurship and economic development. In current several decades, theoretical literature and empirical evidence have been put forth to illustrate the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development. Among these various theories, the role of entrepreneurship is to recognize opportunities, ensure resources efficiently and event ually enhance economic development (Casson, 1982) has been widely accepted. Recent research conducted by Audretsch and Keilbach (2004)  demonstrates the vital factor accounting for the GDP variations between the former Soviet Union (USSR) and the USA.Even though these two countries have similar technological sophistication, USSR’s economic development significantly lagged behind the USA. With further research into it, they discover that the USA has a large number of entrepreneurs but it is not the same to USSR. This example highlights that negative effects on economic development in absence of entrepreneurs. Furthermore, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1998) points out that a country that has a large number of entrepreneurial activities is likely to constantly acquire original or advanced goods and experience considerable economic benefits. For these reasons, it is clear that entrepreneurship stimulates economic development.However, contemporary rese arch highlights the point that the level of economic development also influences entrepreneurship. That is the popularity of entrepreneurship varies at different economic development stages. First, in the early economic development stage, there is a negative correlation between economic development and entrepreneurship. Schuultz (1990) and Yamada (1996) based on their research proved that low level of economic development usually results low self-employment rate.This probably because manufacturing industry which takes advantage of economies of scale, standardization and massive production dominates the market and the cost for individuals to establish a new business is unaffordable. In addition, the will of individuals to take risk to be an entrepreneur is reduced because of the improvement of secured income (Iyigun and Owen, 1998). In other words, few people take entrepreneurship during this period. Nevertheless, with the further development of economies, service industry which need s little capital to start-up gradually takes the place of manufacturing industry and becomes the key component to boost economies and dominates the market, providing more opportunities to entrepreneurs.Simultaneously, advanced information and communication technologies and further process of globalization increased the economic uncertainties in turn offer an area for new enterprises founded (Acs, Audretsch and Evans, 1994) such as a large number of SMEs in IT industry arise and grow in a high speed. As a result, further economic development in this period promotes entrepreneurship. For  these reasons, economic development influences the popularity of entrepreneurship.2.3 Innovation and economic development Innovation is the action of putting creative ideas into effect, which involves introducing creative ideas and unique way to implement. Drucker (1957) views innovation as the purposeful search for changes and the opportunities that such changes might offer. Similarly, Schumpeter (1934) presents that innovation is the engine of change in economy. Furthermore, he raises the issue of creative destruction as a tool of entrepreneurship that discrete innovation destroys traditional market and rapidly replaces less competitive economic activities development.These suggest that innovation is the catalyst of economic development. For example, an iPod is derived from combing various technologies with unique design, which is an innovation in MP3 player industry. The production of an iPod included 41,000 jobs worldwide in 2006, creating job opportunities and boosting global trade (Linden, Kreamer and Dedrick, 2007). Furthermore, Boston Consulting Group (Collaborative Economics, 2008) also states that innovation is becoming an important economic motivator based on their research on the US Productivity Growth Outputs. For these reasons, innovation is the major force for economic development.Nevertheless, the level economic development affects the function of innovation. According to the Artadi and Xavier (2004), the stage of economic development of a country covers factor-driven stage, efficiency-driven stage and innovation driven stage. Innovation plays different roles in different development phases. In factor-driven stage, the economy of a country is primarily driven by abundant and low-cost labor and natural resources. The contribution from innovation is negligible that is not worth considering in this period. Then, in efficiency-driven stage, countries seek to improve procession efficiency and promote productivity with existed technologies. In this phase, innovation is a secondary consideration.Later, in innovation-driven stage, innovation is an essential element of economic development. Most sectors or industries are experiencing Schumpterian renaissance: innovation become the crucial engine boosting economic  development. Furthermore, Romer’s endogenous model also documents the diverse innovation performance in different levels of e conomic development (Romer, 1990). For these reasons, economic development has crucial impacts on innovation’s function.In summary, innovation is the pre-requisite for real entrepreneurship, which adapted by entrepreneurship to stimulate economic development. However, different level of economic development affects the popularity of entrepreneurship and the function of innovation. 3. The role of sustainabilitySustainability is the concept that â€Å"maintaining, or fostering the development of, the systematic contexts that produce the goods, services, and amenities that people need or value, at an acceptable cost, for as long as they are needed or valued† (Allen, Tainter and Hoekstra, 2003, P26).According to the definition, the objective of sustainability is to maintain an environment that assures to sustain the development of human beings. This issue is becoming popular in recent years because of its positive effects on entrepreneurship, innovation and economic develo pment.It is widely accepted that generating competitive advantages is crucial for entrepreneurs that own growing firms (Penrose, 1959 cited in Kor and Mahoney, 2004). Hart (1995 cited in Paton, 2000) points out that the goal of sustainability is entirely consistent with the profit motive competitive advantages. In other words, sustainability, as the vital process of generating competitive advantages, plays a significant role in entrepreneurship. Taking social responsibility is an important aspect of sustainability and helps enterprises generate competitive advantages. NIKE is a suitable example of this. NIKE was accused of using child labour in production of its sneakers in Pakistan in 1996.This unsustainable behaviour incurred criticisms from several society groups and damaged its brand image, resulted numerous people refused to purchase its products. In order to address this problem appropriately, NIKE formulated new policies and required its contractors must minimize potential ne gative environmental effects, offer a hygiene and comfortable work place and improve the health  conditions of all employees (Wright, 2013). These measures reflect NIKE’s behaviour of social responsibility that meets the society’s expectation for sustainable behaviour, which maintain a superior brand image and strengthen competitive position. In this case, NIKE derives competitive advantages from its sustainable management. This indicates sustainability enhances the development of entrepreneurship.It is mentioned in the Section 2 that entrepreneurship has positive effects on innovation and economic development. Kao (2010) states that entrepreneurship is a potential force for sustainability, which indicates it is likely that sustainability has important influence on innovation and economic development through enterprise performance. Haier’s success in Fluorine-Free Energy-Saving Air Conditioner is a suitable example of this. The process of producing new air con ditioner is similar to Schumpeter’s creative destruction. Haier developed and combined new Fluorine-Free and Energy-saving technologies and built new venues in order to produce this product (Yao, Pan and Yuan, 2010).In other words, it destroys the traditional Fluorine-added air conditioner industry and launched new air conditioners into the market. Through this case, the production of new air conditioner develops innovation and the new manufacture venues offer more job opportunities, which is beneficial to economic development. For these reasons, sustainability boosts innovation and economic development through enterprise performance.4. ConclusionIn conclusion, the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development is complex. This essay illustrates that innovation is the premise of entrepreneurship. This paper also illustrates that entrepreneurship plays an important role in economic development. It is because that large number of entrepreneurial acti vities can constantly allocate resources efficiently and acquire original goods. At the same time, the popularity of entrepreneurship varies during different level of economic development.Similarly, innovation, serves as the engine of economic development, also behaves differently in different economic development  phases. In addition, the role of sustainability in innovation, entrepreneurship and economic development is vital. That is sustainability helps entrepreneurship generate competitive advantages and promotes innovation and economic development. Furthermore, it is suggested that an entrepreneur should concentrate on innovation and perform sustainably in order to generate competitive advantages and boost economic development.

Hrm Brunei vs Other Western Country Essay

Introduction Employees are indispensible to an organization. Personnel management, now known as human resource management (HRM), ensures that an organization produces maximum output with the greatest efficiency. The role of HRM covers selecting and hiring the right employee, training and retaining talent, wage dispensation to maintaining employee relations (Nankervis et al, 2011). In this essay, we will be looking into a case study of HRM in Brunei and will cover three topics. Firstly we explore how culture affects the way a country runs its economy, its legal and political system, and how they adapt to technology. Next, we discuss how HRM allows individual employees to acclimatize themselves to technical differences in an organization. Lastly, we will do a comparison of how HRM differs in Brunei as compared to a western country. Culture (An Overarching Umbrella) Laurent (1986, p. 92) stated that, ‘every culture has developed through its own history some specific and unique insight into the managing of organization and their human resources.’ Hofstede’s (1984) cultural dimensions theory defines that the values of a society are influenced by their culture, and their belief in those values shapes the behavior of the society. This cultural dimension is most frequently used across culture studies, especially in differentiating Asian and Western cultures (Cho, et al. 1999). Figure 1: Hofstede’s Software of the Mind (Hofstede, 1984) Dimension| Explanation| Power Distance| The degree to which the less influential associates of institutions (such as family) and organizations expect and accept the unequal distribution of power.| Collectivist vs. Individualist| The scale of which individuals are incorporated into groups| Masculinity vs. Femininity| Refers to the distribution of roles and values between the genders. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring and competitive, like the men. However, in masculine countries, women are more competitive and assertive, but not as much as the men.| Uncertainty Avoidance| A society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity| Figure 1 identifies the characteristics of the four dimensions (Hofstede, 1984). Brunei regained independence from British rule in January 1, 1984 (Brunei Civil Service, 2007). Bruneian’s are ruled by the Sultan and adopt the National Philosophy called the ‘Malay Islamic Monarchy’ (MIB) where the Malay culture, language, customs and Islam is incorporated as a set of model values. The population in Brunei is estimated at 390,000 and it comprises of Malays, Chinese and Ethnic Minorities with 67 per cent, 15 per cent and 18 per cent respectively (Kramar & Syed, 2012). According to the Country Paper of Brunei Darussalam, the Government Sector employs 12.23 per cent of the entire population (Brunei Civil Service, 2007). Brunei’s legal and political system is based on both the Islamic law and English Common law. The Sultan takes on the role of the Prime Minister and is the head of government and chief of state (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). Brunei’s social structure is one of absolute conformity to the Sultan’s authority and challenges made by individuals and organizations are frowned upon (Clarke & Salleh, 2011). Therefore it is evident that power distance is high in Brunei. Brunei’s economy is heavily dependent on the Oil and Gas sector. Actions have been made to branch out into a variety of non-oil related sectors. In a 2008 estimate by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the labor force is composed of agriculture, industry (oil and gas) and services, with it being 4.2 per cent, 62.8 per cent and 33 per cent respectively (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). Local males and females hold different employment structures, with the females being hired excessively in office, cleaning jobs and associated occupations. Males are predominantly hired in top managerial roles, as well as ‘non-office’ middle level jobs, such as agriculture, plant and machine production. Employment patterns between the local genders does not drastically differ from 20 years prior to 1991, and has been ingrained in Brunei’s employment structure. Thus, masculinity proves to be strongly evident in Brunei due to the job scopes each gender undertakes. The socio-culture in Brunei’s organizations stresses the importance of upholding the national heritage to pass down to generations to come. Islamic values and teachings have been endorsed since 16th century, which differentiates Brunei from other South-East Asian Islamic or Malay countries (Zanko & Nugi, 2003). Hence, Brunei is skewed towards a collectivist culture as they are influenced by the MIB, which instills a family like culture in the workplace. Loyalty to family and the Sultan is expected of Bruneians (Minnis, 1999). The Sultan, in a bid to improve data entry efficiency, transparency and eliminate the use of paper, is implementing a new form of technology. The system, also known as Government Employee Management System (GEMS), is being implemented in three main sectors: government employees, human resource administrators and the public. GEMS will permit the sharing of documents, leave applications and benefits entitlement to be accessible any time, anywhere. There has been mixed reactions toward the implementation of GEMS, with some preferring to stick with the old system, as it is in Malay, which is their national language. It may cause stress to older employees who have difficulty keeping up with technological advances and learning of a new language. From this, we can conclude that Bruneians have concerns towards adapting to new technology. Therefore we can conclude that they have high uncertainty avoidance. From the results above, it can be deduced that Brunei’s culture is adapted in their law and politics, technology, and the economy. The Importance of Human Resource (HR) Policies The heart of organizational effectiveness is developing long-term goals to nurture and skillfully develop human resources as key assets. The importance of investing in training and development has proven to contribute positively to the success of organizations. Government policies worldwide have since adopted management programs to help improve the quality of their human resources, in order to improve overall organizational effectiveness (Rajah & Wallace, 1993). According to Brunei Economic Development Board, 54 per cent of its population is made up of 20-54 year age group that are economically productive. This indicates a major productive workforce with both experienced and inexperienced individuals. With the availability of the workforce, HRM needs to provide training and development to upgrade their staff with knowledge and skills that is required in both macro and microenvironment. (need evidence) Comprehensive policies and procedures establish the foundation of HRM in the public sector. Policies are crucial and serve several important functions. It ensures that organizations comply with legislation and are accountable for the protection against employment claims. Policies also help the management make consistent judgments that are perpetual and expectable. Established HR policies protect not only individuals, but also organizations as well from the pressures of pragmatism (Hard Power: Soft Power, 2011). Human rights legislation is crucial as it protects employees from discrimination. It guarantees equality treatment for the people regardless of well-known characteristics that involved stereotyping or biasness in relation to employment. In Krama & Syed (2012), some interviewees felt that favoritism is still the pivotal point of recruitment, particularly in the government sector. Some interviewees suggested that cohesive social relationships in Brunei society had influence on work connection in the workplace. Although the impact was moderated by the HRM practices, particularly in employment, there is a strong need for Human Rights Legislation to be firmly enforced in Brunei in order to create inclusive workplaces that are more diverse and respectful. (can we link this to how hrm enables individual employees to adjust themselves to technical changes?) Krama & Syed (2012) stated that staff not in managerial roles was not familiar with the availability of the General Order (GO) and State Circulars (SC) as the regulations were poorly imposed. To improve the situation, HR policies must be enforced and properly implemented. Communication of policies horizontally and vertically is important. All new and existing staff could be issued an employee handbook that clearly defines an organization’s values, expectations and standard operating procedures (SOP). The purpose of the policies should be transparent, easily understood and not perceived as variable. A policy training session across the board can be implemented for certain policies like dispute resolutions, disciplinary and safety issues, which are more complicated. With the policies inaugurated, it will greatly support the country’s consistency in treatment of staff, fairness and transparency. These policies must be direct, serve the organization’s mission and not simply be enforced to regulate the conduct and rights of the staff. HRM could also implement key training in communication skills. As mentioned above, Brunei’s national language is Malay, which may lead to language barriers. Teaching employees to communicate in fluent written and spoken English is vital as Brunei branches out into the international market. In comparison to the old SIMPA system in Malay, the new GEMS system in English causes older employees to have a harder time in keeping up with the changes. HRM could provide information technology (IT) trainings to older generation employees to ensure that they are equip with relevant IT skills such as computer software (usage of emails, software program and knowledge of file format) and hardware skills, usage of organization intranet/internet and how to access and use GEMS systems (including searching, gathering of information, applying electronic-leaves, allowance and benefit application). Provision of IT skills would equip them with knowledge and skills to keep up with the technology. HRM can also implement performance management systems within the organization. The purpose of these systems is to identify, gather individual performance and information through self-review of employees and their managers/supervisor. With the self-review programs, managers/supervisor would gather more information about each individual within a team. Self-review program promotes team bonding, interaction and communication between managers/supervisor and staff. By discussing, identifying potential key individual talents, retaining key individuals that benefit the organization. With this, it allows HRM to identify key training areas that can be provided to their employees to adapt to the ever-changing environment. It could be done by overseas attachment allowing the staff to get more exposure and experience. Workshop targets on leadership quality, self development and team building within the organization that allows HR to identify potential leadership quality in individual of each different department of the organization, thus helping individual to achieve self actualization. Implementing formal and informal work environment learning in the organization. Informal workplace learning involves senior experience and junior management where senior management would hold a small meeting/sharing session with the junior management on their knowledge, skills and experience in their field of work. And as for formal work environment learning, a junior will be attached to a senior manager to attend for international meeting or conference held overseas for exposure and experience. Learning and Development program such as social and business etiquette, current affairs between host and home countries, languages, sensitivity awareness and pre-departure training. HRM In Brunei Versus HRM In A Western Country Using Hofstede (1984) and Cho, et al. (1999), we will examine the difference in society cultures of Brunei as compared to a western country, and the differences between their HRM. As mentioned above, Brunei’s culture and politics are represented by Malay-Islamic values whereas a western society where wide mixtures of culture groups are incorporated in the workforce. (need evidence) Malay cultures are highly collectivist with strong emphasis on family orientation (Blunt, 1988; Maxwell, 1996). HRM in Brunei looks beyond the welfares of the employees. Consideration for their families implemented in their HRM policies. A married female interviewee stated that work hours are family friendly and flexible. (Krama & Syed, 2012) Individuals are also less receptive to individual responsibilities, and prefer collective responsibilities in the organization. However, this collectivism also results in informal recruitment as suggested by the case (Myloni et al. 2004). In the individualist western context, employees are likely to focus on self, which also applies for compensation and rewards, where HRM rewards individuals for good performances rather than that of a team, or as collective whole. High power distance is present in Brunei’s workforce; senior managers of organizations take the lead and are regarded as significant role models based on rank, title and status, along with a tall organizational structure. (Abdullah, 2005) In the past, employees were afraid to disagree with their superiors. (Blunt, 1988) Nowadays, managers take into consideration the suggestions and point of view of employees to ensure that they feel valued by the organization. (Kramar & Syed, 2012) Apart from that, managers have no authority to press for change. This reflects a centralized system where the top management exercise great power and subordinates choose to leave the decision making process to senior executives. It is the duty of HRM to ensure that these leaders are highly committed in leading subordinates to fulfill the organization values and goals. In the western context, a decentralized structure is adopted and employees seek to be part of management decision-making process. A low power distance means that they want to be empowered by their management and be autonomous, being able to make decisions and be given responsibilities. The way to motivate them is through challenging jobs, where HRM needs to focus on the job design (Herzberg, 1966). Group discussions value the input of individuals that are taken into consideration, whereas in Brunei, SC and GO shape the HRM practices and the Sultan holds the decision making power. As mentioned in the case study, Bruneians have high uncertainty avoidance. (Blunt, 1988) Employees prefer a clear organizational structure and respect and behave ritually towards authority figures. Promotions or a raise in salary are also based on passing an examination based on the SC and GO. In contrast, a western country is skewed towards having low uncertainty avoidance whereby they are more uncertainty accepting, with higher acceptance for new ideas, innovative products and a willingness to try something new, be it technology or business practices. They also tend to be more tolerant of ideas or opinions from anyone and embrace freedom of expression (Hofstede, 1994). Maybe find a country to support this? In Brunei, the emphasis is on masculinity, men are expected to be assertive and dominant over women in social relations and demonstrates ambitious and competitive behavior. (Maxwell, 1996)

Disater Recovery Plan Essay

Appoint coordinator/project leader, if the leader is not the dean or chairperson. 1. Determine most appropriate plan organization for the unit 2. Identify and convene planning team and sub-teams as appropriate (for example, lead computer support personnel should be in the team if the plan will involve recovery of digital data and documents). 3. At the unit level a. scope – the area covered by the disaster recovery plan, and objectives – b. assumptions 4. Set project timetable 5. Obtain approval of scope, assumptions and project plan, if the leader is not the administrator. Step Two – Conduct Business Impact Analysis In order to complete the business impact analysis, most units will perform the following steps: 1. Identify functions, processes and systems 2. Interview information systems support personnel 3. Interview business unit personnel 4. Analyze results to determine critical systems, applications and business processes 5. Prepare impact analysis of interruption on critical systems Step Three – Conduct Risk Assessment 1. Review physical security (e.g. secure office, building access off hours, etc.) 2. Review backup systems 3. Review data security 4. Review policies on personnel termination and transfer 5. Identify systems supporting mission critical functions 6. (Such as flood, tornado, physical attacks, etc.) 7. Assess probability of system failure or disruption 8. Prepare risk and security analysis Step Four – Develop Strategic Outline for Recovery 1. Assemble groups as appropriate for: Hardware and operating systems Communications Applications Facilities Other critical functions and business processes as identified in the Business Impact Analysis 1 For each system/process above quantify the following processing requirements: Light, normal and heavy processing days Transaction volumes Dollar volume (if any) Estimated processing time Allowable delay (days, hours, minutes, etc.) Detail all the steps in your workflow for each critical business function Identify systems and application Component name and technical id (if any) Type (online, batch process, script) Frequency Run time Allowable delay (days, hours, minutes, etc.) Identify vital records (e.g., libraries, processing schedules, procedures, research, advising records, etc.) Name and description Type (e.g., backup, original, master, history, etc.) Where are they stored Source of item or record Can the record be easily replaced from another source (e.g., reference materials) Backup Backup generation frequency Number of backup generations available onsite Number of backup generations available off-site Location of backups Media type Retention period Rotation cycle Who is authorized to retrieve the backups? 1 Identify if a severe disruption occurred what would be the minimum requirements/replacement needs to perform the critical function during the disruption. Type (e.g. server hardware, software, research materials, etc.) Item name and description Quantity required Location of inventory, alternative, or offsite storage Vendor/supplier 7. Identify if alternate methods of processing either exist or could be developed, quantifying where possible, impact on processing. (Include manual processes.) 8. Identify person(s) who supports the system or application 9. Identify primary person to contact if system or application cannot function as normal 10. Identify secondary person to contact if system or application cannot function as normal 11. Identify all vendors associated with the system or application 12. Document unit strategy during recovery (conceptually how will the unit function?) 13. Quantify resources required for recovery, by time frame (e.g., 1 pc per day, 3 people per hour, etc.) 14. Develop and document recovery strategy, including: Priorities for recovering system/function components Recovery schedule Step Five – Review Onsite and Offsite Backup and Recovery Procedures 1. Review current records (OS, Code, System Instructions, documented processes, etc.) requiring protection 2. Review current offsite storage facility or arrange for one 3. Review backup and offsite storage policy or create one 4. Present to unit leader for approval Step Six – Select Alternate Facility ALTERNATE SITE: A location, other than the normal facility, used to process data and/or conduct critical business functions in the event of a disaster. 1. Determine resource requirements 2. Assess platform uniqueness of unit systems 3. Identify alternative facilities 4. Review cost/benefit 5. Evaluate and make recommendation 6. Present to unit leader for approval 7. Make selection Step Seven – Develop Recovery Plan The steps for developing the Recovery Plan are listed below in outline form to demonstrate how a unit may choose to organize their Disaster Recovery Plan. 1. Objective Establish unit information 2. Plan Assumptions 3. Criteria for invoking the plan Document emergency response procedures to occur during and a fter an emergency (i.e. ensure evacuation of all individuals, call the fire department, after the emergency check the building before allowing individuals to return) Document procedures for assessment and declaring a state of emergency Document notification procedures for alerting unit and university officials Document notification procedures for alerting vendors Document notification procedures for alerting unit staff and notifying of alternate work procedures or locations. 1 Roles Responsibilities and Authority Identify unit personnel Recovery team description and charge Recovery team staffing Transportation schedules for media and teams 1 Procedures for operating in contingency mode Process descriptions Minimum processing requirements Determine categories for vital records Identify location of vital records Identify forms requirements Document critical forms Establish equipment descriptions Document equipment – in the recovery site Document equipment – in the unit Software descriptions Software used in recovery Software used in production Produce logical drawings of communication and data networks in the unit Produce logical drawings of communication and data networks during recovery Vendor list Review vendor restrictions Miscellaneous inventory Communication needs – production Communication needs – in the recovery site 1 Resource plan for operating in contingency mode 2 Criteria for returning to normal operating mode 3 Procedures for returning to normal operating mode 4 Procedures for recovering lost or damaged data 5 Testing and Training Document Testing Dates Complete disaster/disruption scenarios Develop action plans for each scenario Plan Maintenance Document Maintenance Review Schedule (yearly, quarterly, etc.) Maintenance Review action plans Maintenance Review recovery teams Maintenance Review team activities Maintenance Review/revise tasks Maintenance Review/revise documentation Step Eight – Test the Plan 1. Develop test strategy 2. Develop test plans 3. Conduct tests 4. Modify the plan as necessary Step Nine – Maintain the Plan 1. Review changes in the environment, technology, and procedures 2. Develop maintenance triggers and procedures 3. Submit changes for systems development procedures 4. Modify unit change management procedures 5. Produce plan updates and distribute Step Ten – Perform Periodic Audit 1. Establish periodic review and update procedures